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(Part of the commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the Battle of Manila.)
The massacres committed by Imperial Japanese troops on the civilian population of Manila in February 1945 are among the more horrifying tragedies of World War II in the Pacific theater. Approximately 100,000 civilians in the City of Manila were killed indiscriminately and deliberately. According to the XIV Corps Inspector General's report on the Manila atrocities, the following war crimes had been committed:
- Bayoneting, shooting, and bombing of unarmed civilians—men, women, and children—with rifles, pistols, machine guns, and grenades.
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- Herding large numbers of civilians—men, women, and children—into buildings, barring the doors and windows, and setting fire to the structures.
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- Throwing grenades into dugouts, where unarmed civilians were taking cover; burying alive those who were not killed by the grenades.
- Assembling men into large groups, tying their hands, and then bayoneting, beheading, or shooting them.
- Theft from civilians of money, valuables, food, and the looting and burning of their homes.
- Blindfolding and restraining Chinese and Filipino men, and then beheading them with a sabre on a chopping block.
- Torturing both military prisoners of war and civilians by beating, kicking their faces, burning, and making them assume contorted positions for long periods of time until they lost consciousness, to make them reveal information.
- General disregard of the rights of prisoners of war under the Geneva Convention.
- The taking of as many as a hundred girls at a time by force to serve as 'comfort women' to Japanese troops.
- The killing of refugees, doctors, and nurses at the Philippine Red Cross Headquarters, disregarding the rights of the Red Cross under the Geneva Convention.
With little or no reason at all, Japanese soldiers would shoot, bayonet or throw hand grenades at groups of helpless civilians. The streets were further fortified with minefields and pillboxes, leaving many civilians no choice but to stay in their homes. For those who attempted to leave or even cross the streets, the Japanese would mow them down with machine guns. Many of these atrocities were mentioned in the War Crime Trials against the commanders of the Imperial Japanese Forces.
'The enemy's fury knew no bounds against those who defended the cause of our freedom. Being a child, a woman or an old person was no deterrent to the bloody and murderous designs of the barbarians of the Orient. Fortunately, all this has passed and I firmly believe that above these ruins shall finally emerge the Filipino people, free and dynamic, who will work for their prosperity and happiness, in complete peace and fraternity with all nations.'
— President Sergio Osmeña, interview with Antonio Perez de Olaguer, published in El Noticiero Universal, Barcelona, Spain on June 22, 1946.
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Listed below are documented locations of atrocities committed by the Japanese against Manileño civilians during the Battle of Manila. It does not include sites where indiscriminate Japanese sniping happened and sites of executions by the roaming death squads, both of which took thousands of civilian lives.
Date | Site | Casualties | Accounts |
February 3, 1945 | Dy Pac Lumber Yard Juan Luna and Morga Streets, Tondo, Manila | 115 civilians (body count done by the Americans on February 7, 1945) |
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February 4, 1945 | Unknown cigarette factory, Manila | Around 44 civilians from Dee Cho Lumber Company |
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Beginning February 6, 1945 | Fort Santiago Intramuros (Photo courtesy of Life Magazine.) | Approximately 600 men (according to NHCP Historical Map); 3,000 men according to some survivor accounts |
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February 8, 1945 | La Concordia College Calle Herran (now Pedro Gil), Paco (Photo courtesy of Mr. Manuel Angelo Carreon.) | Approximately 2,000 refugees, casualties unclear |
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February 9, 1945 | Colorado Street, Ermita (now Agoncillo Street, Ermita) (Photo courtesy of Mr. John Tewell.) | Elpidio Quirino's family |
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February 9, 1945 | St. Paul College Chapel Calle Herran (now Pedro Gil Street) (Photo courtesy of Mr. Lou Gopal.) | Approximately 250 civilians in the chapel; 600 civilians in the entire school |
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February 9, 1945 | Vincentian Central House Calle San Marcelino (now San Marcelino Street near St. Vincent de Paul Church) (Photo courtesy of Mr. John Tewell.) | 6 priests, an acolyte and unknown number of Chinese residents |
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On or about February 9, 1945 | Unknown garage at the Paco District Manila (Photo courtesy of Mr. John Tewell.) | Around 250 civilians (according to the XIV Corps report) |
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February 10, 1945 | Asilo de Looban Paco, Manila | Less than 10 civilians |
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February 10, 1945 | German Club San Luis Street (now T.M. Kalaw Avenue near San Marcelino St.) (Photo courtesy of Mr. Lou Gopal.) | Approximately 100 civilians; in the vicinity of the club, 1,500 civilians |
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February 10, 1945 | Don Pedro and Concepcion Campos Residence 1462 Taft Avenue | The Campos family and at least 120 refugees |
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February 10, 1945 | Price Residence Colorado corner California Streets (now Agoncillo and Escoda Streets respectively) | Approximately 100 civilians |
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February 10, 1945 | Philippine Red Cross General Luna and Isaac Peral Streets (now General Luna Street and U.N. Avenue, respectively) (Photo courtesy of Mr. Lou Gopal.) | 65 civilians; including doctors, nurses, and German Jews |
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February 11, 1945 | Tabacalera Building Isaac Peral (now U.N. Avenue), Manila (Photo courtesy of the Philippine Star.) | 50 civilians |
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February 12, 1945 | Carlos Perez Rubio Residence 150 Vito Cruz Street (now Pablo Ocampo Street) | Approximately 26 people |
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February 12, 1945 | De La Salle College Taft Avenue (Photo courtesy of Corregidor Then and Now.) | 41 civilians comprised of former students, residents and 16 Christian Brothers |
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Early February, 1945 | Scottish Rite Temple Taft Avenue (Photo courtesy of Mr. John Tewell.) | Unknown number of civilians |
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February 14, 1945 | Ateneo College Composed of Manila Observatory, Auditorium, Gymnasium, Laboratories, Industrial Engineering, and LibraryCalle Padre Faura (now Padre Faura Street) (Photo courtesy of Manuel Angelo Carreon.) | 100 refugees; composing of men, women, and children |
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February 18, 1945 | Moreta House Isaac Peral Street (now U.N. Avenue) | Around 40 civilians |
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February 19, 1945 | Palacio del Gobernador Palacio Real PHOTO: Massacre site on the lower right | 142 civilians, comprised of Filipino and Spanish residents |
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February 19, 1945 | Front of Manila Cathedral Intramuros (Photo courtesy of Mr. John Tewell.) | Around 125 civilians, including about 37 priests |
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February 21, 1945 | ROTC Armory University of Manila | Patients from San Juan de Dios Hospital and Quezon Institute |
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Bibliography
Aluit, Alfonso. By Sword and Fire: The Destruction of Manila in World War II. Makati City: Geba Printing, 1994.
Connaughton, Richard, Pimlott, John, and Anderson, Duncan. The Battle for Manila. Makati City: Platypus Publishing, Inc., 1995.
Gaerlan, Cecilia. 'Remembering the Past and our Greatest Heritage,' from The Asian Journal, May 16 2014 issue. Retrieved on February 4, 2014.
Lichauco, Marcial P. Dear Mother Putnam: A Diary of the Second World War in the Philippines. Hong Kong: C.B.L. Fung, 1997.
Lopez, Salvador P., Elpidio Quirino: The Judgment of History. Manila: President Elpidio Quirino Foundation, 1990.
Office of the Inspector General, XIV Corps. 'Report of Investigation of Alleged Atrocities by Members of the Japanese Imperial Forces in Manila and other parts of Luzon, Philippine Islands' (9 April 1945), from battleofmanila.org. Retrieved on January 21, 2014.
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Olaguer, Antonio Perez. Terror in Manila: February 1945. Manila: Memorare Manila 1945 Foundation, Inc., 2005.
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Parsons, Peter C. 'The Battle of Manila: Myth and Fact,' from battleofmanila.org. Retrieved on January 21, 2014.